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Journal of Orthodontics, Vol. 33, No. 2, 116-124, June 2006 doi:10.1179/146531205225021501
© 2006 British Orthodontic Society
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Scientific Section

An in-vitro investigation into the use of a single component self-etching primer adhesive system for orthodontic bonding: a pilot study

K. House and A. J. Ireland

Department of Child Dental Health, Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol, UK

M. Sherriff

Department of Dental Biomaterials Science, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK

Address for correspondence: Dr A. J. Ireland, Department of Child Dental Health, Bristol Dental Hospital, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK. E-mail: tony.ireland{at}bristol.ac.uk

Received 25 January 2005; accepted 1 February 2006


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Introduction
 Material and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Conclusion
 Contributors
 References
 
Objective: This pilot study assessed force to debond (N); time, and site of bond failure of a single component self-etching primer (SEP) and adhesive system, Ideal 1 (GAC International Inc., USA) and compared it with the conventional acid etch and rinse regimen using 37% o-phosphoric acid solution and either TransbondTM XT (3M Unitek) or Ideal 1 adhesive.

Design: In vitro laboratory study

Setting: Bristol Dental Hospital, UK. Sept 2003-Sept 2004

Material and Methods: Nine groups of 20 premolars were bonded using metal orthodontic brackets using three protocols: (1) 37% o-phosphoric acid etch and TransbondTM XT adhesive; (2) 37% o-phosphoric acid and Ideal 1 adhesive; (3) Ideal 1 SEP and Ideal 1 adhesive. Force to debond and locus of bond failure were determined at three time intervals.

Results: Enamel pre-treatment prior to bonding, namely SEP versus conventional etching had no significant effect on the median force to debond with the Ideal 1 adhesive. Similarly, when the enamel was conventionally etched, the adhesive type, namely Ideal 1 or TransbondTM XT, had no significant effect on the measured force to debond. However, there appeared to be differences in the locus of bond failure: failure predominated at the enamel/adhesive interface for the TransbondTM XT conventional etch group and at adhesive/bracket interface for the Ideal 1 SEP and adhesive group and the Ideal 1 adhesive conventional etch group.

Conclusion: These results suggested that the complete Ideal 1 SEP and adhesive system might be successful in vivo leading therefore to a clinical trial. However, implications for clean up time are discussed and improvements to in vitro study designs are advised.

Key words: Brackets, bond strength, orthodontics, self-etching primers


   Introduction
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
Material and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Conclusion
 Contributors
 References
 
Modern contemporary orthodontics relies on the accurate placement of directly bonded attachments to the teeth in order to achieve the desired three-dimensional control of tooth movement. Even though the direct bonding of such attachments to enamel is now routine for most orthodontists, there is the ever-present desire to try to simplify the procedure without compromising reliability. It was Buonocore1Go who initially demonstrated the adhesion of acrylic filling materials to enamel, following acid etching with phosphoric acid, and Newman2Go who suggested the technique might be used for orthodontic bonding. Since then, variables such as acid type, concentration, etch time and rinse time have been widely studied in order to simplify the process, reduce enamel loss and still create a reliable bond.3Go–7Go It is now generally recognized that enamel etching for 15 – 30 seconds with 37% o-phosphoric acid, followed by rinsing with copious amounts of water and then air drying until frosty white in appearance will produce the optimal bond of composite resin to enamel.5Go,8Go,9Go However, this conventional bonding process, consists of a number of time consuming stages namely; etching, rinsing, drying, priming and adhesive placement.

In an attempt to reduce the number of procedural steps when bonding to dentine and enamel the self-etching primers (SEPs) were developed.10Go These materials combine etching and priming into one stage for simultaneous use on enamel or dentine. SEPs are aqueous mixtures of acidic monomers and hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), the resultant methacrylated phosphoric acid ester being the active component of the SEP. It is this active molecule that etches and primes simultaneously. Unlike conventional acid etch methods; the SEP is not rinsed away after application. Instead, the calcium dissolved from the hydroxyapatite, forms a complex with the phosphate group and is then incorporated into the resin network during polymerisation.

The purported advantage of SEPs is that by combining etching and priming into a single procedure, enamel preparation for diacrylate bonding is streamlined, reducing clinical application time, improving cost effectiveness and improving comfort for the patient.

SEPs were originally developed for restorative use and as such these systems required higher bond strengths than those desirable for orthodontic purposes. They were also required to bond to hydrophilic dentine. There have been many in vitro studies to investigate bond strengths following their use in the restorative field11Go–13Go and more recently in orthodontics; initially using products such as Prompt-L-Pop (3M/UnitekESPE) designed for restorative dentistry.14Go–16Go To date there appears to be no consensus on the attainable shear bond strength following their use, with conflicting results even being reported by the same authors. Interestingly however, in response to concerns about possible enamel fracture at debond, the manufacturer of Prompt-L-Pop advised against using this product for orthodontic bonding.14Go–17Go It has subsequently been modified for orthodontic use and is marketed as TransbondTM Plus SEP (3M/Unitek, Dental Products Division, Monrovia, CA, USA). This material comes in a single-use foil package containing 3 blister pack compartments, which are pressed and folded to mix the components before application. TransbondTM SEP, like most of the SEPs on general release at the present time is a 2-component system that requires mixing in some way prior to use. In vitro experiments have shown there to be no significant difference in bond strength following the use of this SEP and a conventional 37% o-phosphoric acid etchant.18Go,19Go Indeed some laboratory based experiments have shown TransbondTM SEP to produce significantly greater shear bond strength than that achieved by etching with 37% o-phosphoric acid gel for 30 seconds.20Go,21Go Nonetheless if the ultimate aim of any adhesive system is to reduce the number of clinical steps required during the bonding procedure, a true 1-component no-mix self-etching primer would be an advantage. The Ideal 1 adhesive system (GAC International Inc., Bohemia, NY, USA) is such a product and is supplied as a no-mix 1 component SEP solution along with Ideal 1 composite adhesive. To date only one other study has been performed investigating the same self-etching primer. In this in vitro study, the authors compared the shear bond strength of the Ideal 1 system with a 2-component self-etching primer system. Their findings were encouraging in that both systems produced similar bond strengths,22Go but human molars were used and bonded with central incisor brackets. Furthermore, the 2 component SEP was applied for 10 seconds longer than recommended by the manufacturer.

However, whilst Fox et al., (1994) highlighted the need for standardisation in laboratory bond strength studies,23Go another problem associated with such studies is that little or no attempt has been made to establish whether the studies are actually appropriately powered i.e. whether the sample sizes are sufficiently large to demonstrate a clinically and statistically significant difference should one exist.16Go–22Go This is essential if laboratory studies are to have any relevance to the clinical situation. The purpose of the present study was therefore fourfold: to undertake a pilot study to determine the force to debond (N) and locus of bond failure when bonding stainless steel orthodontic brackets with the complete Ideal 1 self-etching and adhesive system. This was then compared with the conventional acid etch and rinse regimen of 37% o-phosphoric acid solution and using either TransbondTM XT adhesive or the adhesive from the Ideal 1 system. The effect of time was also investigated on both force to debond and locus of bond failure. In addition, the results of this pilot study were intended to be helpful for future sample size calculations for other in vitro studies. This would not only help to improve the relevance of laboratory studies to the clinical situation but would also (in the event) help address some of the recent ethics approval changes. These relatively new arrangements now affecting the UK mean that studies require statistical input in order to demonstrate that they are adequately powered.


   Material and Methods
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Material and Methods
Results
 Discussion
 Conclusion
 Contributors
 References
 
One hundred and eighty extracted human lower premolar teeth were collected and stored in distilled water at room temperature. A method of decontamination was not employed prior to placement in the distilled water. The criteria for tooth selection included premolars with intact buccal enamel, no cracks due to extraction forceps, teeth not subjected to any pre-treatment chemical agents and that were caries free. All teeth were visually inspected prior to preparation for any macroscopic evidence of fracture or infraction lines and were excluded if present. The distilled water was changed weekly and the teeth were stored in this way until the experiment commenced. The teeth were collected and the work undertaken in this project prior to the new COREC (Central Office for Research Ethics Committees) guidelines, which came into effect on 1st March 2004 (as a prelude to changes which came into effect as the result of the new European Clinical Trials Directive). Ethics committee approval for their use had therefore not been applied for and individual written consent was therefore not obtained from each patient who donated their teeth to the study.

Vacuum formed polythene moulds were made using a Drufomat thermopressure machine (Dreve, Germany) over a plaster of Paris block measuring 15 x 15 x 35 mm. Using these moulds each premolar tooth was embedded horizontally in self-curing acrylic, so that the buccal surface of the crown was proud of the block and parallel to it. The 180 teeth in their acrylic blocks were then randomly subdivided into 9 groups of 20 teeth and the base of each block was engraved with an experimental group reference code. The exposed enamel surface was then polished using a slow speed handpiece and slurry of pumice and water in a rubber cup.

0.022-inch lower premolar stainless steel orthodontic brackets (Omni, GAC International, Bohemia, NY, USA) were bonded to the teeth according to one of three protocols and the force to debond (N) and locus of bond failure were determined at three different time intervals, 10 minutes, 1 week and 6 months. All experimental procedures were performed by 1 operator (KH). The enamel preparation and materials were as follows:

Group 1 - Conventional etch and TransbondTM XT adhesive
The enamel was etched with 37% o-phosphoric acid for 15 seconds followed by rinsing with copious amounts of water and then dried with oil free compressed air until frosty white in appearance. TransbondTM XT adhesive was then applied to the bracket base before positioning the bracket on the tooth. TransbondTM XT primer was not applied to the enamel surface. Firm pressure was applied to the bracket using a Mitchell’s trimmer and any excess adhesive removed from around the margins using a probe.

Group 2 – Conventional etch and Ideal 1 adhesive
Enamel preparation and subsequent bonding in this group was identical to Group 1, the only difference being the adhesive used, namely Ideal 1 adhesive.

Group 3 – Ideal 1 self-etching primer and Ideal 1 adhesive
Self-etching primer (Ideal 1 – GAC International, Bohemia, NY, USA) was applied to the enamel and rubbed gently for 20 seconds per tooth using the applicator provided and according to the manufacturer’s instructions. A gentle 5 second blast of air, from an oil free triple syringe, was then applied to each tooth in order to thin the material. Ideal 1 adhesive was then applied to the bracket base, the bracket positioned on the tooth and any excess once again removed using a probe.

In the case of all groups, once the bracket was positioned on the tooth it was then light-cured for 20 seconds (10 seconds mesially and 10 seconds distally). using a halogen curing light (Optilux 501 curing lamp, Kerr, 21 Commerce Drive, Danbury, CT, USA). The efficiency of the lamp was tested after each curing cycle using the meter within the unit. The teeth from each group were then stored in separate beakers of distilled water in a water bath, at a constant temperature of 37°C until bond testing at one of three time periods, 10 minutes, 1 week or 6 months. The distilled water was changed weekly.

Shear bond testing to failure was performed using a custom-made jig in a Lloyd Universal testing machine (Series 2000R, Lloyd Instruments, Southampton, UK) and with a crosshead speed of 0.5mm/minute (Figure 1Go). The measurements recorded were force to debond and locus of bond failure. Locus of bond failure was recorded using the Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI)24Go following examination of the failure surfaces using a low power binocular microscope at x10 magnification. The ARI system was developed to grade the amount of adhesive remaining on the enamel surface following debond and thereby act as a means of helping define the mode of bond failure between the enamel, adhesive and bracket base. The amount of residual adhesive adhering to the enamel surface is scored by visual inspection and is allocated to one of four groups: 0 (where no adhesive is left on the tooth) to 3 (where all the adhesive left on the tooth, with a distinct impression of the bracket mesh.


Figure 1
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  		Figure 1 Lloyd 2000 series testing machine and the custom made testing jig

 

   Results
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Material and Methods
 Results
Discussion
 Conclusion
 Contributors
 References
 
The data were analysed using the Stata Release 7.0 (Stata Corp, TX USA) statistics package with a predetermined significance level of {alpha}= 0.05. The median force to debond (N) and 95% confidence intervals of the medians were determined. Summary statistics are illustrated in Table 1Go.


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  		Table 1 Summary statistics for the test groups at the three time intervals for the various protocols
 
When comparing firstly the two adhesives under test, and where the enamel was etched conventionally with 37% o-phosphoric acid, the median force to debond at each of the three time periods and with both adhesives were very similar (Figure 2Go). Except that is for TransbondTM XT at 1 week, where the median force to debond was lower (Figure 2Go).


Figure 2
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  		Figure 2 Median force to debond (N) and 95% confidence interval of the medians of the three main treatment groups and over the three time periods of 10 minutes, 1 week and 6 months

 
When looking at the effect of enamel pre-treatment prior to bonding, namely SEP versus conventional etching and using the same adhesive, Ideal 1, it can be seen once again there is little difference in the median force to debond (Figure 2Go). Similarly, when the complete Ideal 1 system of SEP and adhesive is compared with TransbondTM XT and conventional etching, there is little observed difference in the median force to debond (Figure 2Go) and at each of the three time intervals except at one week.

For all the enamel pre-treatments and bonding material combinations under test, except that is for the 1-week results using the 37% o-phosphoric acid and TransbondTM XT adhesive, there appeared to be a trend for the median force to debond to increase with time. However, the increase in each case is probably not statistically significant in view of the overlap in the confidence intervals (Figure 2Go).

The effect of time on the ARI scores was analysed using the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric one-way analysis of variance (Table 2Go). The results show that the ARI is unaffected by time in the case of each adhesive. However, the stacked bar charts (Figures 3Go, 4Go and 5Go) show that for the TransbondTM XT conventional etch group, failure was predominantly interfacial at the enamel/adhesive interface. With the Ideal SEP and Ideal 1 adhesive group, and the conventional etch and Ideal 1 adhesive group, failure was predominantly interfacial at the adhesive/bracket interface. Perhaps somewhat alarmingly the ‘missing’ category represented teeth where the enamel fractured during testing and more of these were seen in the SEP group.


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  		Table 2 Kruskal-Wallis Rank Sum Test for the Adhesive Remnant Index scores for each treatment group over the three time periods
 

Figure 3
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  		Figure 3 ARI scores for the TransbondTM XT and conventional etch groups over the three time periods, 10 minutes, 1 week and 6 months

 

Figure 4
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  		Figure 4 ARI scores for the Ideal adhesive and self-etching primer groups over the three time periods, 10 minutes, 1 week and 6 months

 

Figure 5
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  		Figure 5 ARI scores for the Ideal adhesive, pumice and conventional etch groups over the three time periods, 10 minutes, 1 week and 6 months

 

   Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Material and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
Conclusion
 Contributors
 References
 
Currently used conventional o-phosphoric acid enamel preparation procedures have been shown to provide reliable and clinically acceptable bond strengths for direct bonding of orthodontic attachments time and again. However, the number of stages required during the bonding procedure and technique sensitivity to moisture of any kind has resulted in research and development to simplify the procedure without compromising the bond. The recent introduction and continual development of SEPs for orthodontic use aims to satisfy this requirement as they simplify and accelerate the clinical handling of adhesive systems by combining the etching step with primer application and as such reduce chairside time. In essence, the notion of eliminating the rinsing, drying and priming stages of the conventional bonding protocol, whilst maintaining acceptable bond strength and minimising enamel damage seems an attractive one. Many in vitro studies have investigated the bond strength of SEPs compared with the conventional etch and prime regimen and have found SEPs to perform as well, if not better.17Go–21Go

In order to fully evaluate each component of the Ideal 1 adhesive system under test, the effect of enamel pre-treatment and adhesive were tested separately and then in combination, with the TransbondTM XT adhesive and conventional acid-etching specimens acting as the control. Looking firstly at the effect of enamel pre-treatment it would seem there is little difference in the observed force to debond (N) between the SEP group and the conventional etch group certainly at both 1 week and 6 months (Figure 2Go). These results are in agreement with other in vitro investigations comparing SEPs designed for orthodontic use with conventional acid etch procedures.17Go–21Go The median force to debond at 10 minutes for the SEP was slightly lower than at the other two time periods when using the same Ideal 1 adhesive, although this difference may not be statistically significant as there is some overlap of the confidence intervals.

When considering the effect on force to debond of the two different adhesives tested, the conventional etch and Ideal 1 adhesive combination provided a comparable if not slightly greater median force to debond than the TransbondTM XT adhesive and at all three time periods. The reason for this is unclear, although bracket/adhesive combination has been shown to have an effect on observed in vitro force to debond and it is possible that it may also be the case in this study.25Go,26Go

The present study ultimately aimed to compare the force to debond of a new adhesive system, Ideal 1 consisting of a one component SEP and light-cured adhesive, with TransbondTM XT and a conventional acid etch regimen. The findings would indicate that both systems provide a similar observed force to debond (Figure 2Go and Table 1Go) and in both cases the median force to debond increased slightly with time (Table 1Go).

Analysis of the ARI scores using the Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance (Table 2Go) showed that within each of the three main treatment groups there was no statistically significant difference between the ARI scores at the three time periods under test. However, consideration of the raw data in the stacked bar charts (Figures 3Go, 4Go and 5Go) shows there to be a significant difference in the locus of bond failure between the TransbondTM XT conventional etch specimens and the other two treatment groups namely the Ideal 1 SEP adhesive system group and the conventional etch and Ideal 1 adhesive group. This is despite the similar force to debond results. With the Ideal 1 system the majority of the ARI scores were 3, namely at the bracket/adhesive interface. Therefore the adhesive bond to the enamel and the cohesive strength of the adhesive were higher than the adhesive bond to the bracket base. The converse was true for the conventional etch TransbondTM XT group. Other in vitro investigations into the locus of bond failure when comparing the use of SEPs and conventional etching have not produced a consensus view. The majority of studies have shown bond failure to occur most frequently at the enamel/ adhesive interface, with less residual adhesive remaining on the enamel at debond than if prepared by the conventional acid etch and prime regimen.14Go,17Go,19Go,27Go–29Go Other investigators have demonstrated that SEPs produce a similar locus of bond failure to conventional etching20Go,30Go,31Go Locus of bond failure is determined by a complex combination of contributory factors including the direction of applied force, enamel pre-treatment, the adhesive and the bracket type.32Go The reason for primarily adhesive/bracket interfacial bond failure when using the Ideal 1 SEP and adhesive system in the current experiment is unclear. Certainly the discrepancy between the Kruskal-Wallis analysis and the raw data as illustrated by the stacked bar charts might indicate there is a lack of statistical power. Therefore the correct interpretation should be that there is perhaps a lack of evidence in the light of the current investigation as to the likely effect on the enamel in the clinical setting.

It would seem then from the observed force to debond results that the single component SEP system of Ideal 1 is comparable to the use of conventional acid etching and a light-cured composite bonding agent. However, for all the SEPs currently on sale, the manufacturer’s instructions advise that the teeth are pumiced, rinsed and dried before application in order to remove any salivary pellicle that may inhibit the bonding process. For the conventional etching and rinsing regimen, current best evidence suggests that pumice prophylaxis is unnecessary.33Go,34Go Therefore some of the potential time-saving with a SEP is negated by this necessity to pumice the enamel prior to use. Despite the evidence suggesting pumicing is not required prior to conventional etching, pumice prophylaxis was included for all groups in this study in an attempt to limit the number of variables.

In addition, the high number of adhesive/bracket interfacial failures seen with the SEP in this study would suggest that at debond more time must be spent cleaning the residual adhesive from the enamel surface. Of some concern were the large number of missing values (Figure 4Go and 5Go) seen with the Ideal adhesive, both with the SEP system and particularly conventional etching. These missing values denote enamel fracture at debond. However, as always laboratory findings should be extrapolated to the clinical situation with some caution.


   Conclusion
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Material and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Conclusion
Contributors
 References
 
Reducing the number of clinical steps during orthodontic bonding can benefit both the patient and clinician, however this will only be of real value if the bond strength over a course of treatment compares favourably with the conventional etch regimen and results in no increase in clean up time at debond. The results of this pilot study to investigate the in vitro performance of a single component self-etch primer system demonstrate that:


   Contributors
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Material and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Conclusion
 Contributors
References
 
Dr K House was responsible for obtaining the specimens, experimentation and data collection; analysis; and drafting, critical revision, and final approval of the article. Dr M Sherriff was responsible for data interpretation and statistical analysis. Dr AJ Ireland was responsible for study design; logistic, administrative, and technical support and data interpretation; critical revision, and final approval of the article.

Dr AJ Ireland is the guarantor and as such accepts full responsibility for the conduct of the study, has access to the data and controlled the decision to publish.


   Acknowledgments
 
The authors would like to thank Professors Harrison and Jagger for the use of the testing facilities and TOC, Bristol for supplying the Ideal 1 adhesive system and Omni brackets.


   References
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Material and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Conclusion
 Contributors
 References
 
1 Buonocore MG. A simple method of increasing adhesion of acrylic filling materials to enamel surfaces. J Dent Res 1955; 34 : 849–53.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

2 Newman GV, Snyder WH, Wilson CE. Acrylic adhesives for bonding attachments to tooth surfaces. Angle Orthod 1968; 38: 12–18.[Medline]

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10 Hoos JC. Clinical findings using a self-etching primer. Dent Today 1999; 18: 102–03[Medline]

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14 Bishara SE, Gordon VV, VonWald L, Olson ME. Effect of an acidic primer on shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1998; 114: 243–47.[CrossRef][Medline]

15 Bishara SE, Ajlouni R, Laffoon JF, Warren JJ. Effect of a fluoride-releasing self-etch acidic primer on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets. Angle Orthod 2002; 72: 199–202.[Medline]

16 Aljubouri YD, Millett DT, Gilmour WH. Laboratory evaluation of a self etching primer for orthodontic bonding. Eur J Orthod 2003; 25: 411–15.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

17 Korbmacher H, Klocke A, Huck L, Kahl-Nieke B. Enamel conditioning for orthodontic bonding with a single-step bonding agent. J Orofac Orthop 2002; 63: 463–71.[CrossRef][Medline]

18 Arnold RW, Combe EC, Warford JH. Bonding of stainless steel brackets to enamel with a new self-etching primer. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2002; 122: 274–76.[CrossRef][Medline]

19 Larmour CJ, Stirrups DR. An ex vivo assessment of a bonding technique using a self-etching primer. J Orthod 2003; 30: 225–28.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

20 Buyukilmaz T, Usumez S, Karaman AI. Effect of self-etching primers on bond strength – are they reliable? Angle Orthod 2003; 73: 64–70.[Medline]

21 Dorminey JC, Dunn WJ, Taloumis LJ. Shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets bonded with a modified 1-step etchant-and-primer technique. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2003; 124: 410–13.[CrossRef][Medline]

22 Bishara SE, Oonsombat C, Ajlouni R, Laffoon JF. Comparison of the SBS of 2 self-etch primer/adhesive systems. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2004; 125: 348–50.[CrossRef][Medline]

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24 Årtun J, Bergland S. Clinical trials with crystal growth conditioning as an alternative to acid-etch enamel pre-treatment. Am J Orthod 1984; 85: 333–40.[CrossRef][Medline]

25 Buzzitta J, Hallgren SE, Powers JM. Bond strength of orthodontic direct-bonding cement-bracket systems as studied in vitro. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1982; 81: 87–92.

26 Sharma-Sayal SK, Rossouw PE, Kulkarni GV, Titley KC. The influence of orthodontic bracket base design on shear bond strength. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2003; 124: 74–82.[CrossRef][Medline]

27 Bishara SE, VonWald L, Olsen ME, Laffoon JF. Effect of time on the shear bond strength of glass Ionomer and composite orthodontic adhesives. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1999; 116: 616–20.[CrossRef][Medline]

28 Yamada R, Hayakawa T, Kasai K. Effect of using self-etching primer for bonding orthodontic brackets. Angle Orthod 2002; 72: 558–64.[Medline]

29 Cacciafesta V, Sfondrini MF, De Angelis M, Scribante A, Klersy C. Effect of water and saliva contamination on shear bond strength of brackets bonded with conventional, hydrophilic, and self-etching primers. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2003; 123: 633–40.[CrossRef][Medline]

30 Bishara SE, VonWald L, Laffoon JF, Warren JJ. Effect of a self-etch primer/adhesive on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2001; 119: 621–24.[CrossRef][Medline]

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34 Ireland AJ, Sherriff M. The effect of pumicing on the in vivo use of a resin modified glass poly (alkenoate) cement and a conventional no-mix composite for bonding orthodontic brackets. J Orthod 2002; 29: 217–20.[Abstract/Free Full Text]





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