Journal of Orthodontics recent issues

[Editorial] Publication ethics and scientific misconduct: the role of authors

Luther, F. — 2008-02-20

[Clinical Section] A case of anterior open bite with severely narrowed maxillary dental arch and hypertrophic palatine tonsils

2008-02-20

This case report describes an adolescent patient with an open bite and severely narrowed maxillary dentition and hypertrophic palatine tonsils, treated efficiently with rapid maxillary expansion (RME) and subsequent orthodontic tooth alignment using fixed appliances. The treatment demonstrates that RME can be effective for the correction of a severely narrowed maxillary arch, as well as, in this case, the correction of an anterior open bite in an adolescent patient where no substantial vertical skeletal discrepancy existed.

[Clinical Section] Beware the solitary maxillary median central incisor

DiBiase, A. T., Cobourne, M. T. — 2008-02-20

The incidence of a solitary maxillary median central incisor (SMMCI) tooth in the general population is low, in either the primary or secondary dentition. The most common cause of a missing maxillary central incisor is trauma, or more rarely hypodontia. However, SMMCI is also a recognized genetic anomaly and affected individuals can be carriers for a potentially more serious condition affecting midline development of the brain and face, holoprosencephaly (HPE). The presence of an SMMCI of unknown aetiology is therefore considered a risk factor for HPE, even in the absence of any other clinical signs. The orthodontist may be responsible for diagnosing cases of SMMCI with no obvious cause, and in these subjects due consideration should be given to referral for the appropriate genetic testing and counselling.

[Clinical Section] The unerupted maxillary second molar, due to an overlying and malformed upper third molar: treatment and follow-up

Salentijn, E. G., Ras, F., Mensink, G., van Merkesteyn, J. P. R. — 2008-02-20

This retrospective study presents the treatment and follow-up of 20 young patients with 23 impacted upper second molars, due to overlying, impacted upper third molars. The third molars were removed surgically under local anaesthesia. After removal of these palatally obstructing teeth, radiographic and clinical follow-up was performed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the eruption progress of the upper second molars after surgery. Radiological and/or clinical follow-up showed complete eruption of 19 (83%) of the upper second molars. For those cases treated before the age of 12 years and 4 months (the mean eruption age), all the upper second molars erupted completely. For those cases where surgical removal was undertaken after the mean eruption age, four (17%) of the upper second molars did not completely erupt. It was concluded that early treatment of impacted upper second molars, due to overlying third molars, may lead to more rapid eruption. Further prospective research is necessary to develop guidelines for the removal of palatally obstructing third molars to avoid eruption problems.

[Scientific Section] Commentaries on scientific papers published in this edition

2008-02-20

[Scientific Section] A randomized control clinical trial investigating orthodontic bond failure rates when using Orthosolo universal bond enhancer compared to a conventional bonding primer

Wenger, N. A., Deacon, S., Harradine, N. W. T. — 2008-02-20

Objective: This study assessed the in vivo bond failure rates of orthodontic brackets bonded using Orthosolo universal bond enhancer and compared it with the conventional bonding primer, Transbond XT.

Design: This was a single centre randomized controlled clinical study.

Setting: Department of Child Dental Health, Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol, UK.

Materials and methods: Thirty-three consecutive patients undergoing fixed orthodontic appliance therapy were included in this study. Using a split-mouth design, diagonally opposite quadrants were randomly allocated a primer, either Orthosolo universal bond enhancer (Ormco, Orange, CA, USA) or Transbond XT primer (3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA). A total of 555 teeth were bonded using a conventional acid-etch technique. 277 received Orthosolo as their primer and 278 received the Transbond XT primer. Bond failures and their positions were recorded at six months.

Results: There was an overall bond failure rate of 1.26%. Four brackets failed in the Orthosolo group (0.72%) and three failed in the Transbond XT group (0.54%).

Conclusion: There was no clinical or statistically significant difference in the in vivo bond failure rates between orthodontic brackets bonded using either Orthosolo universal bond enhancer or the conventional Transbond XT primer.

[Scientific Section] Space conditions and prevalence of anterior spacing and crowding among nine-year-old schoolchildren

Lux, C. J., Ducker, B., Pritsch, M., Niekusch, U., Komposch, G. — 2008-02-20

Objective: To give detailed insight into the space conditions and prevalence of spacing and crowding in schoolchildren at nine years of age. The reliability and validity of screening methods was also assessed.

Design: Epidemiological survey.

Setting: South-western part of Germany (Rhein-Neckar-Kreis); elementary schools in a region with a low orthodontic care rate.

Sample and methods: 494 nine-year-old German schoolchildren (237 males, 257 females, median age 9 years) were examined orthodontically in cooperation with the local community dentistry service. A special measurement ruler was developed to enhance validity and reliability of space measurements on location in the schools.

Results and conclusions: Concerning space conditions in the incisor segments: in the maxilla the variety encountered comprised both space excess and moderate to severe crowding. This was considerably larger in the maxilla than in the mandible. Severe crowding (>5 mm) was found more often in the maxilla than in the mandible and affected around 2–3% of the maxillary dentitions. Also severe contact point displacements (IOTN Grade 4) were mainly restricted to the maxilla (prevalence approximately 3%).

In the canine–premolar segments, the arch segments in males were in general around 0.5 mm larger than among the females, also within each dental stage. In general, the maxilla was more often affected by posterior crowding than the mandible. Anterior crowding seemed to be more prevalent than posterior crowding. With respect to the screening methods used in the present study, reliable and valid measurements were also found to be possible in schools. This may open up further opportunities for orthodontic screening by community dentistry services or similar organizations.

[Scientific Section] Effect of sandblasting on the retention of orthodontic brackets: a controlled clinical trial

Sunna, S., Rock, W. P. — 2008-02-20

Objective: To study the effect of chairside sandblasting of the bases upon the retention of mesh backed orthodontic brackets.

Design: Prospective controlled clinical trial.

Methods: Brackets were bonded to 60 successive patients who were treated at an orthodontic practice in Amman, Jordan. Using a crossover system of allocation, quadrants were bonded using either sandblasted or non-sandblasted brackets respectively. Rely-A-Bond adhesive was used throughout. Bond failures were monitored over one year.

Results: 1112 brackets were assessed. The overall failure rate was 4.0% and the failure rates for non-sandblasted and sandblasted brackets were 4.7 and 3.4% respectively. The odds ratio for at least one bracket failure within the control quadrant compared with the experimental quadrant was 0.50 (95% CI 0.185 to 1.238), which was not statistically significant.

Conclusion: Sandblasting did not significantly improve the retention of mesh based orthodontic brackets in this study.

[Features Section] Relevant research from non-orthodontic journals

2008-02-20

This section is designed to draw the attention of readers to papers that have been published in non-orthodontic journals, but which may be of interest. The abstracts have been selected and edited by James Grant and Professor Nigel Hunt.

[Features Section] British Orthodontic Society, UTG session abstracts

2008-02-20

[Features Section] Book Reviews

2008-02-20

[Features Section] Letters to the Editor

Arun, A. V., Kallur, R. — 2008-02-20

[Features Section] Letters to the Editor

Thickett, E., Taylor, N. G., Hodge, T. — 2008-02-20

[Features Section] Calendar of Meetings

2008-02-20

[Editorial] Award winning papers. So what?

Luther, F. — 2007-11-27

[Clinical Section] A preliminary report of a new design of cast metal fixed twin-block appliance

Qi, J., Tan, Z. R., He, H., Pan, D., Yeweng, S. J. — 2007-11-27

The present paper describes a cast metal fixed twin-block appliance utilized to correct a Class II malocclusion, which is designed for full-time wear. The object of the present paper is to achieve rapid functional correction of Class II malocclusions by transmitting favourable occlusal forces to inclined planes which are cemented to the posterior teeth. In the meantime, pre-adjusted fixed edgewise appliances can be placed on the anterior teeth to correct their malpositions. This new functional appliance design may shorten the total treatment duration and reduce the need for patient compliance.

[Clinical Section] Orthodontic treatment of a patient with a renal transplant and drug-induced gingival overgrowth: a case report

Walker, M. R., Lovel, S. F., Melrose, C. A. — 2007-11-27

The treatment of transplant patients is becoming an ever-increasing part of modern-day orthodontic practice. This report details the successful orthodontic management of a paediatric renal transplant patient with significant drug-induced gingival overgrowth. The problems that such patients present with are discussed before considering the specific orthodontic techniques employed. Recommendations are made for practitioners managing such cases.

[Clinical Section] The Quatro appliance: a removable aligner with a changeable labial bow

Singh, P., Ash, S., Mizrahi, E. — 2007-11-27

Lower labial segment irregularity is a feature that is presenting more frequently as greater emphasis is placed on aesthetics than ever before. The authors report on a removable appliance that is easy to construct and use and is designed to deal with mild labial tooth irregularity. In cases of crowding the aligner can be used in conjunction with inter-proximal stripping. The device incorporates a removable labial bow attached bilaterally to a sliding lock. This lock permits the addition of sectional archwires to the labial part of the appliance. The versatility of the aligner allows round and rectangular wires of different materials and dimensions to be placed with or without bends.

[Scientific Section] Commentaries on scientific papers published in this edition

2007-11-27

[Scientific Section] Tooth-size discrepancy and Bolton's ratios: the reproducibility and speed of two methods of measurement

Othman, S. A., Harradine, N. W. — 2007-11-27

Objective: To determine and compare the reproducibility and speed of two methods of performing Bolton’s tooth-size analysis.

Design: Analysis of randomly selected clinical sample.

Setting: Bristol Dental Hospital, University of Bristol, United Kingdom.

Materials and methods: Pre-treatment study casts of 150 patients were selected randomly from 1100 consecutively treated Caucasian orthodontic patients. Bolton tooth-size discrepancies and ratios were measured using two methods; one method employed entirely manual measurement and the Odontorule slide rule, while the other employed digital callipers and the HATS analysis software. Twenty study casts were measured twice, a week apart with both methods. Another three investigators also measured 20 study casts twice with the HATS analysis.

Results: There were small or no systematic errors within or between these two methods. A very significant difference was evident for mean time measurements between the two methods (mean time for HATS was 3.5 minutes and for Odontorule was 8.9 minutes). There was relatively high error variance of both methods of measurement as a percentage of the total variance.

Conclusions: On-line electronic measurement was found to be more rapid than the manual method used. Both methods demonstrate relatively high random error and this has important consequences for the clinical use of Bolton’s ratios.

[Scientific Section] Long-term clinical evaluation of bracket failure with a self-etching primer: a randomized controlled trial

Banks, P., Thiruvenkatachari, B. — 2007-11-27

Objective: A long-term comparison of the failure rates of orthodontic brackets bonded with either a self-etching primer (SEP) or conventional etch and primer (AE).

Design: Prospective randomized controlled clinical trial.

Setting: UK district general hospital with one operator, 2003–6.

Participants: Hospital waiting list patients needing fixed appliances (n=60).

Method: Experimental (SEP) group patients (n=30) received pre-adjusted edgewise brackets (n=438) bonded with Transbond Plus following manufacturer’s instructions. Control (AE) group patients (n=30, brackets n=433) were bonded using a 15-second conventional etch and primer (Transbond XT). In both groups brackets were light-cured for 20 seconds. First-time bond failures were recorded with the time of failure. Bracket bonding time was recorded. All patients were followed to the end or discontinuation of treatment.

Results: Bracket failure rates: SEP=4.8%, AE=3.5%, P=0.793. Mean placement time per bracket (seconds): SEP=75.5 (±6.7; 95% CI=72.9, 78.0), AE=97.7 (±9.1; 95% CI=94.3, 101.2) P=0.000.

Conclusion: There was no difference in the failure rates of brackets bonded with either Transbond Plus SEP or conventional AE using Transbond XT paste. Bonding with SEP was significantly faster than using conventional AE.

[Features Section] How to ... manage the transition from functional to fixed appliances

Fleming, P. S., Scott, P., DiBiase, A. T. — 2007-11-27

This paper presents the methods of transfer from functional to fixed appliances. The aim of transition should be maintenance of Class II correction in a time-efficient manner without compromising long-term patient co-operation.

[Features Section] Book Review

2007-11-27

[Features Section] Calendar of Meetings

2007-11-27

[Editorial] With great pleasure: a prize for best scientific paper, and finding out what readers think

Luther, F. — 2007-08-30

[Clinical Section] Ingestion of a quadhelix appliance requiring surgical removal: a case report

Allwork, J. J., Edwards, I. R., Welch, I. M. — 2007-08-30

This report presents an unusual case, whereby a 13-year-old Down’s syndrome boy accidentally swallowed a removable quadhelix appliance that subsequently required surgical removal. The paper discusses management strategies for patients who have accidentally swallowed components of their orthodontic appliance. It also highlights the need for orthodontists to consider limited objective treatment options for certain patient groups.

[Clinical Section] Mini-implants for retraction, intrusion and protraction in a Class II division 1 patient

Upadhyay, M., Yadav, S. — 2007-08-30

This case report demonstrates the clinical utility and versatility of mini-implants in carrying out different types of tooth movement in a 14-year-old boy with a ‘severe’ Class II division 1 malocclusion. Mini-implants were placed for ‘en masse’ retraction and intrusion of maxillary anterior teeth and for lower molar protraction. More than 11 mm of maxillary incisor retraction was achieved together with 3 mm of intrusion. There was significant reduction in the dentoalveolar protrusion and retraction of the upper lip, which resulted in decreased mentalis strain and improved chin projection. Cephalometric superimposition and panoramic radiographs showed no anchorage loss and good occlusion at the end of treatment.

[Clinical Section] A late-forming mandibular supernumerary: a complication of space closure

Shah, A., Hirani, S. — 2007-08-30

This case report describes a situation in which a mandibular supernumerary developed during orthodontic treatment and prevented space closure.

[Clinical Section] Clinical pearl: a method of controlled movement of teeth using open and closed coil spring

Smith, N. R. — 2007-08-30

A method of controlled movement of teeth using open and closed coil spring. A ‘clinical pearl’ describing an original clinical technique to prevent uncontrolled tooth movement while using an active coil spring on the archwire.

[Scientific Section] Commentaries on scientific papers published in this edition

2007-08-30

[Scientific Section] Northcroft Memorial Lecture 2006 The future of specialist training

Sandy, J. R. — 2007-08-30

The British Orthodontic Society invites outstanding contributors from the field of Orthodontics to give the guest lecture in memory of George Northcroft. In 2006 the guest lecturer was Professor Jonathan Sandy. The paper which follows was presented as the Northcroft Memorial Lecture 2006 at the British Orthodontic Conference, Edinburgh.

[Scientific Section] Evaluation of a quality of life measure for children with malocclusion

O'Brien, C., Benson, P. E., Marshman, Z. — 2007-08-30

Objective: To explore the validity and reliability of the child perception questionnaire as an oral-health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) measure in adolescents with malocclusion.

Design: A cross-sectional study comparing two groups of individuals.

Setting: One group of children with malocclusion was recruited from the orthodontic departments at the Charles Clifford Dental Hospital (CCDH), Sheffield and Chesterfield Royal Hospital (CRH), Chesterfield. A second group with no malocclusion was recruited from the Paediatric Department at CCDH and one General Dental Practice in Sheffield.

Subjects and methods: The malocclusion group consisted of 116 patients aged 11–14 years about to commence orthodontic treatment. The non-malocclusion group consisted of 31 11–14-year-old patients with index of orthodontic treatment need (IOTN) 1 and 2, and DMFT ≤2, with no history of orthodontic treatment. The children completed the child perception questionnaire (CPQ), including global ratings of oral health and satisfaction. Each child rated their own IOTN aesthetic component (AC) score.

Outcome measures: Total CPQ scores and responses in the four domains. Self-perceived AC scores and responses to global rating of oral health, life overall and satisfaction rating were recorded.

Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the malocclusion and non-malocclusion total CPQ scores (P = 0.012). These differences were significant for the emotional (P = 0.006) and social well-being (P = 0.001) health domains, and not significant for the oral symptoms and functional limitations health domains. There were significant correlations between the total CPQ score and overall well-being (R_s = 0.397) and patient satisfaction (R_s = 0.362).

Conclusions: Malocclusion has a negative impact on the OHRQoL of an adolescent. A shortened version of this form, specifically for prospective orthodontic patients, may be beneficial as an additional measure to assess need for treatment especially as some of the questions in the oral symptoms and functional limitations subscales of the current questionnaire are not relevant to orthodontic patients.

[Scientific Section] Longitudinal study on TMJ disk status and its effect on mandibular growth

Flores-Mir, C., Akbarihamed, L., Nebbe, B., Heo, G., Major, P. W. — 2007-08-30

Objective: This longitudinal study assessed the potential contribution of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disk status over mandibular linear and angular changes.

Design: Cohort study.

Setting: Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

Participants: Seventy-three adolescent subjects attending TMJ or orthodontic clinics with or without TMJ disk abnormality were followed during a mean 3 years 7 months. From this sample 39 subjects underwent orthodontic treatment.

Methods: Disk displacement and disk length measurements taken from MRIs were utilized to evaluate the TMJ disk status. Mandibular changes were quantified from cephalometric radiographs by superimposing the mandible around the internal cortex of the posterior wall of the mandibular symphysis. Fishman’s skeletal maturation system was used to calculate the percentage of mandibular growth remaining during the follow-up. This expected mandibular growth was factored out through a statistical normalization process applied to the actual difference between the initial and final mandibular measurements. In addition, previous orthodontic treatment was also considered for the analysis. A multiple analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to evaluate interaction between the independent variables (TMJ disk status and previous orthodontic treatment) over the dependent variables (mandibular ramus, mandibular body, mandibular length and gonial angle measurements).

Results: No significant contribution was found of any of the evaluated variables or its interactions over the mandibular measurements.

Conclusions: No evidence was found of TMJ disk abnormality as an associated significant factor with mandibular dimensional changes. The findings have to be evaluated with caution because of some limitations identified in this study.

[Features Section] Relevant research from non-orthodontic journals

2007-08-30

[Features Section] Book Review

2007-08-30

[Features Section] Letter to the Editor

Fox, N. — 2007-08-30

[Features Section] Calendar of Meetings

2007-08-30

[Editorial] Acceptance and publication times: change for changes' sake?

Luther, F. — 2007-06-01

[Clinical Section] Peri-operative second molar tube failure during orthognathic surgery: two case reports

Wenger, N. A., Atack, N. E., Mitchell, C. N., Ireland, A. J. — 2007-06-01

With improvements in bonding techniques, bracket base design and bond strengths, molar tubes are becoming more popular in orthodontics.¹^,² Molar tubes make an attractive alternative to conventional banding due to a reduction in clinical bonding time and ease of placement on partially erupted teeth. The use of molar tubes negates the need for orthodontic separation and subsequent cementation of bands, and offers improved periodontal health.³ Their use on terminal molars, however, should be limited to non-orthognathic cases. This paper presents two cases of peri-operative second molar tube failure during orthognathic surgery. They are presented in the hope that it will highlight the importance of banding the distal terminal molar in orthognathic cases to prevent loss of molar tubes and peri-operative contamination of the surgical wound site.

[Clinical Section] Mini-screw implants (temporary anchorage devices): orthodontic and pre-prosthetic applications

Mizrahi, E., Mizrahi, B. — 2007-06-01

Mini-screw implants, often referred to as temporary anchorage devices (TADs), have become an accepted component of orthodontic treatment. The comparatively simple technique for the placement of these mini-screws is described with emphasis on the importance of correct site selection as well as an understanding of the possible complications that may arise. The application and description of appliances incorporating mini-screws are described with the aid of typodont models and clinical examples. While the technique is of primary relevance to orthodontists, the use of mini-screws as an aid for pre-prosthodontic tooth movement is also of relevance to prosthodontists. From the examples described in this paper, extrapolations can be made by individual clinicians to situations relevant to their particular treatment plans. Examples of appliances used in conjunction with mini-screws are described; however, depending on the requirements of individual malocclusions, these designs may be modified.

[Clinical Section] Choosing a pre-adjusted orthodontic appliance prescription for anterior teeth

Thickett, E., Taylor, N. G., Hodge, T. — 2007-06-01

A common orthodontic task is to correct anterior tooth position using brackets whose torque, tip and in-out are pre-adjusted. Bracket prescription greatly influences final aesthetics and function. Pre-adjusted orthodontic brackets have in-built prescriptions of torque, tip and in-out which are optimized for average cases. Refinement of tooth position can be achieved by archwire adjustment or archwire auxiliaries. Modifications to bracket position such as inversion can also help achieve individual tooth movements. Planning bracket position must be considered at the outset of treatment to achieve the maximum benefit. A number of clinical scenarios will be discussed including: a Class II division 1 malocclusion with lateral incisors palatally displaced, and another case with absent lateral incisors for space closure. Also, Class III malocclusions with consideration given to: canine angulation; a palatally displaced canine requiring labial movement; absent upper central incisors (space closure), and finally, a Class III case where incisor inclination requires consideration.

By using a typodont to illustrate some of the points, this article aims to (1) show how three pre-adjusted orthodontic bracket systems (Andrews, Roth and MBT) vary significantly in their ability to influence tooth position and appearance; (2) inform clinicians how modified bracket position can influence tooth position.

[Clinical Section] Skeletal anchorage systems in orthodontics: absolute anchorage. A dream or reality?

Young, K. A., Melrose, C. A., Harrison, J. E. — 2007-06-01

This article examines the concept of orthodontic anchorage and focuses on ways skeletally derived anchorage is gained. A brief history of the different skeletal anchorage systems to date is given. The article gives an emphasis on the use of one particular skeletal anchorage technique—the micro-implant—to assist with orthodontic anchorage and active tooth movement. Advantages and disadvantages of this new technique are discussed. An illustration of the use of micro-implants is given with reference to a case where they have been used in a novel manner to provide distal movement of maxillary molars.

[Scientific Section] Commentaries on scientific paper published in this edition

2007-06-01

[Scientific Section] Elective orthognathic treatment decision making: a survey of patient reasons and experiences

2007-06-01

Objective: Few studies have explored decisions about orthognathic treatment (OGT) from the patient’s perspective. This study describes the factors associated with the patient’s decision to have or not have orthognathic treatment, and assesses whether the process can be considered to be informed decision making.

Design: A cross-sectional survey employing both interview and questionnaire methods, conducted in four OGT services in Yorkshire.

Sample: Participants were patients aged over 16 years, either making an OGT decision over a 6-month period or had made their treatment choice 18–42 months prior to the study start date in 2003.

Measures: Questionnaires assessed patient demographics, dental history and psychopathology (anxiety, satisfaction with self, body satisfaction, facial appearance); interviews explored patients’ reasons for, and experiences of, orthognathic treatment.

Results: Of 138 patients approached, 61 participated (mean age 25 years, 66% female). Psychopathology scores were within the normal range. The thematic content analysis of interview transcripts found: reasons given for having OGT were to improve the ‘bite’, as well as gaining a more normal facial appearance; most patients reported the service information was satisfactory, but about half made negative comments, with some reporting staff communications made them feel worse; knowledge of OGT risks and benefits was poor; patients had strong emotions about their facial appearance and the orthognathic treatment they received, which did not seem to be addressed by current practice.

Conclusions: Some OGT patients do not appear to be making informed decisions about their treatment. They seem to have unmet needs in relation to support for their decision making, and managing the emotional effects of undergoing and adjusting to treatment. The implications for information provision, assessment and support during treatment are discussed.

[Scientific Section] Bonded versus banded first molar attachments: a randomized controlled clinical trial

Banks, P., Macfarlane, T. V. — 2007-06-01

Objective: To compare the clinical failure rates of bonded first molar tubes with those of cemented bands during fixed appliance therapy.

Design: Prospective randomized controlled clinical trial.

Setting: Two UK hospital orthodontic clinics, February 2001–December 2004.

Participants: Hospital waiting list patients needing fixed appliances (n = 110).

Method: Patients were randomly allocated to two groups. Experimental group patients (n = 55) received single first molar tubes (n = 181) bonded with a no-mix chemically cured composite (Rely-A-Bond) after a 30-second etch. Control group patients (n = 55) were treated with bands (n = 186) cemented with Intact glass ionomer cement (GIC). First-time failures were recorded together with the time of failure. All patients were followed to the end or discontinuation of treatment.

Results: First-time failures: bands = 18.8%; bonds = 33.7 %. Bonded tubes were more likely to fail [RR 2.4; 95% CI (1.4, 4.1)] compared with bands. Experimental group patients also had more bracket failures (P = 0.009), when analysed at patient level.

Conclusion: First molar tubes bonded with Rely-A-Bond composite showed a significantly higher first-time failure rate than bands cemented with Intact GIC.

[Features Section] Relevant research from non-orthodontic journals

2007-06-01

[Features Section] Book Reviews

2007-06-01

[Features Section] Current Products and Practice: How to create and manage a regional orthognathic database

Deacon, S., Atack, N. E., Clark, S., Mitchell, C. N. — 2007-06-01

This is a report on the use of a regional database of patients undergoing orthognathic treatment in the South West of England. The benefits and difficulties of using a regional database are discussed.

[Features Section] Calendar of Meetings

2007-06-01